Slovura 01 - Slovura Roots
Slovura is built from monosyllabic roots. Each root represents a basic concept or a group of closely related concepts.
A root should not be thought of as an exact translation of a single English word. Depending on how it is used, the same root may function like an English noun, verb, adjective or another part of speech.
Root Shape
Every basic Slovura root consists of one syllable in one of these forms:
- CV - a consonant followed by a vowel
- CCV - a consonant cluster followed by a vowel
Roots therefore end in vowels. This becomes especially useful when roots are joined together into compound words: the boundaries remain pronounceable without introducing additional sounds.
Learning the Roots
You do not need to memorize the complete root inventory before moving on to the next lesson.
Start by learning roots that occur in examples and use the list below as a reference. As you begin constructing sentences and compound words, the more common roots will become familiar naturally.
Some roots have etymologies intended as mnemonic aids. These explain where the sound of a root came from; they do not restrict the meaning of the root.
Root Reference
| Root | Meaning | Toki-pona | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | emphasis, confirmation | a | (toki pona) a |
| e | direct object marker | e | (toki pona) e |
| i | and (used between multiple subjects) | en | (Czech) i |
| o | vocative or imperative | o | (toki pona) o |
| u | or | anu | (toki pona) anu |
| fa | fire, warmth, heat | seli | (English) fire |
| fe | feelings, emotion, heart | pilin | (English) feeling |
| fi | end, finish, stop, past | pini | (English) finish |
| fo | make, activity, work, project | pali | (Czech) foch, fortel |
| fu | away, absent, missing | weka | (Czech) fuč |
| fla | long hard object (rod, stick) | palisa | (Czech) flákanec |
| fle | tool, device | ilo | (Czech) flexa |
| fli | bird, winged animal | waso | (English) fly |
| flo | money, wealth | mani | (Czech) flok |
| flu | paste, powder | ko | (English) fluid |
| fra | conflict, battle, fight, compete | utala | (English) fight |
| fre | new, fresh, another | sin | (English) fresh |
| fri | cold, cool, raw | lete | (English) freeze |
| fro | from, because of, cause | tan | (English) from |
| fru | fruit, vegetable | kili | (English) fruit |
| ka | person, human | jan | (Stephen King - Dark Tower) Ka |
| ke | bad, superfluous | ike | (Czech) kekeš |
| ki | strong, power, energy | wawa | (D&D) ki |
| ko | to, for, move, go | tawa | (English) go |
| ku | colour, painted | kule | (English) colourful |
| kla | head, mind, control, lead | lawa | (Czech) hlava |
| kle | grain, cereal, bread, pasta | pan | (Czech) chleba |
| kli | dead, die, death, kill | moli | (English) kill |
| klo | hunt, search | alasa | (Czech) klovat |
| klu | moon, night sky object | mun | (Czech) luna, (English) clue |
| kra | mistake, damage, break | pakala | (English) crack |
| kre | lizard or reptile | akesi | (Czech) krokodýl |
| kri | blood, wound | (Czech) krev | |
| kro | but, only | taso | (Czech) kromě |
| kru | group, community | kulupu | (English) group |
| la | (context phrase marker), circumstance | la | (toki pona) la |
| le | he, she, it, they | ona | (Spanish) le |
| li | (predicate marker) | li | (toki pona) li |
| lo | at, in, on, real, true, exist | lon | (toki pona) lon |
| lu | eye, see, look at | lukin | (English) look |
| ma | land, earth, country | ma | (toki pona) ma |
| me | have, hold, own | jo | (Czech) mít |
| mi | I, me, we, us | mi | (toki pona) mi |
| mo | eat, consume, food | moku | (toki pona) moku |
| mu | animal, land mammal | soweli | (English) mu (cow sound) |
| na | woman, female, feminine | meli | (Spanish) -na |
| ne | no, not, zero | ala | (Czech) ne |
| ni | word, name | nimi | (toki pona) nimi |
| no | man, male, masculine | mije | (Spanish) -no |
| nu | number, quantity, amount | nanpa | (Spanish) numero |
| pa | parent, creator | mama | (English) parent |
| pe | open, begin | open | (English) open |
| pi | of, who, (order modifier) | pi | (toki pona) pi |
| po | more, after | (Bulgarian) po | |
| pu | mouth, lips, jaw, oral | uta | (Czech) pusa |
| pla | house, building, room | tomo | (English) place |
| ple | cloth, clothing, cover, privacy | len | (Czech) plena |
| pli | false, fake, deceptive | powe | (Czech) plivat |
| plo | outside, surface, skin, boundary | selo | (Czech) plocha |
| plu | fish, sea creature | kala | (Czech) plout |
| pra | old, ancient | majuna | (Czech) pra- |
| pre | front, wall, chest, face | sinpin | (Latin) pre- |
| pri | come, become | kama | (Czech) přijít |
| pro | give, put, send, emit | pana | (Czech) pro |
| pru | bug, insect | pipi | (Czech) brouk |
| ra | can, possible | ken | (Latin) ratio (method, ability) |
| re | repeat, times | (English) repeat | |
| ri | love, respect | olin | (Spanish) cariño |
| ro | good, simple, useful | pona | (Czech) dobro |
| ru | hand, arm, five | luka | (Czech) ruka |
| sa | same, similar, equal, like | sama | (English) same |
| se | self | (Czech, Spanish) se | |
| si | circle, wheel, ball, year | sike | (English) circle |
| so | know, wisdom, information | sona | (toki pona) sona |
| su | sun, light | suno | (English) sun |
| sha | time, moment, period | tenpo | (Czech) čas |
| she | air, spirit | kon | (Czech) duše |
| shi | flat object, paper, document | lipu | (English) sheet |
| sho | small, little, young | lili | (English) short |
| shu | sex, sexual | unpa | (Czech) šukat |
| shka | container, box, bowl | poki | (Czech) škatule |
| shke | strange, silly, drunk | nasa | (Czech) šašek |
| shki | using | kepeken | (Latin) schema (method, way) |
| shko | shame, guilt, apologize | apeja | (Czech) škoda |
| shku | try | (Czech) zkusit | |
| ska | high, up, above, jump, sacred | sewi | (Czech) skákat, (English) sky |
| ske | monster, fear, danger, scary | monsuta | (English) scary |
| ski | bump, hill, mountain, nose | nena | (English) ski |
| sko | almost, maybe | (Czech) skoro | |
| sku | hole, door, orifice, window | lupa | (Czech) skulina |
| sla | fun, playing, game, art | musi | (Czech) slavit |
| sle | market, trade | esun | (Czech) sleva |
| sli | line, string, hair | linja | (English) slim |
| slo | say, speech, language | toki | (Czech) slovo |
| slu | ear, hear, listen, obey | kute | (Czech) sluch |
| sma | to be the child of, originate from, descendant | (English) small | |
| sme | inside, stomach | insa | (Greek) mesos |
| smi | leg, foot, base | noka | (Latin) semita (path, way) |
| smo | black, dark, shadow | pimeja | (Czech) smog |
| spa | sleep, rest | lape | (Czech) spát |
| spe | enduring, wait, continue | awen | (Spanish) esperar |
| spi | back, rear | monsi | (Latin) spina |
| spo | mushroom, fungus | (English) spores | |
| spu | down, lowly | anpa | (Czech) spustit |
| sta | big, tall, long, important, adult, to matter, to care | suli | (Czech) starý |
| ste | picture, image, write, draw | sitelen | (Czech) pastelka, (toki pona) sitelen |
| sti | grab, seize, steal | lanpan | (English) steal |
| sto | hard, solid, stone | kiwen | (English) stone |
| stu | surface, table, chair | supa | (Czech) stůl |
| sva | holy, religious, god | (Czech) svatý | |
| sve | white, light-colored | walo | (Czech) světlý |
| svi | sweet, cute, sugar | suwi | (English) sweet |
| svo | way, manner, custom, road | nasin | (Czech) svoje |
| ta | this, that | ni | (Czech) ta |
| te | many, very, much, more | mute | (toki pona) mute |
| ti | all | ale | (Italian) tutti |
| to | thing, object, matter | ijo | (Czech) to |
| tu | you | sina | (Czech) ty, (German) du |
| tra | plant | kasi | (Czech) tráva |
| tre | average, medium | meso | (French) trans (across, through) |
| tro | sound, noise | kalama | (Czech) troubit |
| tru | body, physical state, torso | sijelo | (Czech) trup |
| va | one, unique, unite | wan | (toki pona) wan |
| ve | side, hip, next to, vicinity | poka | (Czech) vedle |
| vi | want, need, desire, must | wile | (German) will |
| vo | water, liquid, wet, wash | telo | (Czech) voda |
| vu | cut, divide, part | kipisi | (English) divulsion |
| xa | extra, additional, spice | namako | (English) extra |
| xe | different, other | ante | (Greek) xénos |
| xi | halve | tu | (Greek) schism |
| xo | what, which | seme | (Czech) co |
| xu | medicine, cure | misikeke | (English) cure |
Next
Once you understand the idea of roots, continue with Slovura 02 - Basic Sentence Structure to see how they are used in sentences.